English 123: Using Borrowed Matrial in Your Research Essay

 

Using Quotations ("----")

When to use a quotation (using borrowed material from a source word for word)

  1. Quote when
  • evidence is authoritative and convincing
  • quotation is a well-phrased statement
  • addressing a controversial point and writer credibility is at stake
  • supporting major arguments

2. Don't quote

  • minor material that is easily paraphrased
  • general or common knowledge
  • common quotations or proverbs

3.If there is a possibility of plagiarism, quote

  • all direction quotations
  • all indirection quotations
  • all major ideas not your own
  • all facts, statistics, information that is not commonly known

4. Danger of over quoting: no identity to paper--cut and paste

5. Dangers of under quoting: plagiarism or over generalization

 

Quote Accurately and only what you need:

1.Quote in context, preserving the integrity of the original

2.Omit necessary material using ellipses (. . .) (four . . . . at end of sentence)

Quote Smoothly

1. Your quotation shouldn't draw attention to itself; it should read as a part of your paper

2. The quotation should be clear and grammatically

3. Introduce your quotations smoothly, avoiding the "says" syndrome

Using long quotations

If a quotation continues for more than 4 lines of your typed text, the quotation should begin on a new line, indented 10 spaces ( or two paragraph tabs) on the left margin only, and it should be double spaced. The easiest way to format this indented quotation: select text to be formatted, in "format" in the menu select "paragraph", then "special", then "hanging indent.

Avoid too many long, indented quotations

Link to a list of alternative words for "says" and "said"

Words Used to Introduce Quotations

Borrowed material whether it is directly quoted or paraphrased needs some sort of acknowledgment phrase to introduced the material. Here is a list of verbs that will introduce borrowed material in an interesting and diverse manner without overusing the little words "says" or "said".

 

acknowledged
acquiesced
added
addressed
advocated
affirmed
agreed
alleged
announced
answered
argued
articulated
asked
assented
assured
attested
avowed
begged
boasted
bragged
called
charged
chided
claimed
commanded
commented
complained
conceded
concluded
concurred
confesses
confided
contented
contested
continued
contradicted
counseled
countered
debated

decided
declared
decreed
demanded
denied
denounced
dictated
directed
disclosed
divulged
elaborated
enjoined
entreated
enunciated
equivocated
exclaimed
exhorted
explained
granted
held
hesitated
hinted
imparted
implored
indicated
inferred
informed
inquired
insisted
insinuated
interrogated
interjected
intimated
lamented
lectured
lied
maintained
mentioned
narrated
noted

objected
conserved
ordered
petitioned
pleaded
pointed out
prayed
preached
proclaimed
pronounced
proposed
protested
proved
queried
questioned
quipped
quoted
ranted
read
readsured
rebutted
recited
recognized
recounted
refuted
regretted
reiterated
rejoined
related
remarked
reminded
remonstrated
repeated
replied
reprimanded
requested
responded
retorted

revealed
ruled
stated
stipulated
suggested
supplicated
supposed
talked
swore
testified
thought
told
translated
urged
uttered
vowed
warned

 

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